The Evolutionary Foundations of Sectarianism
نویسنده
چکیده
The tendency of humans to cooperate for reasons other than self-interest has long intrigued social scientists, leading to the development of a substantial body of literature. However, this question has a complement that has received little to no attention in this literature: What is the motivation for individuals to resist cooperation even in cases that are beneficial at the individual and group level? In this paper, I study the principal drivers for sectarianism and the dynamics that undermine cooperation by building on existing approaches in multi-level selection and tools from evolutionary game theory and agent-based modeling. As much as these models provide a rationale for the co-evolution of cooperative behavior and institutions, and the internalization of other-regarding norms, such dynamics are also key to explaining the human tendency for racism, hostility, and religious bigotry. The model illustrates a co-evolution of sectarian identities and conflicts, mainly driven by peer-pressure, belonging, and previous experiences. Theoretical results are supported by empirical evidence from Lebanon.
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تاریخ انتشار 2017